—But you said the past couldn't be changed!
—No, I didn't say that. What I said was, the past can be
changed in precisely the same way that the future can:
namely, to the extent to which you are ignorant. There is only one
future, right? Whatever the appearance of choice you may have at a
given instant, only one possibility actually happens: so to
some all-knowing god the story of the Universe is complete, and there
is no choice and no freedom. But you aren't such a
god, and you think you have freedom. Look, it's like being a
character in a fictional work, if you will: we readers know well what
Hamlet's destiny is, but he believes that he is free—to
be or not to be. First, it doesn't make sense to argue whether this
is real freedom or merely the appearance of freedom. Second,
there is no difference between the past and the future, except that
you have memories of the past and none of the future.
—That doesn't really answer my question, does it?
—Doesn't it? Allow me to show you a bit of parlor magic, it
might clarify things. Name a book that's in my library. Don't take
it out yet: just name it. Then also name a card from an ordinary deck
of 52, such as this one on the table—no, don't touch it
either.
—I don't know… Alice in Wonderland, for
example. And the queen of hearts, of course.
—That was a bit too obvious: you won't be impressed. Well,
no matter. Remove the book from the shelf, open it on page 100, and
tell me what you see.
—The queen of hearts. A real card, I mean. All right, so
what's the trick?
—When you named the book and the card, I “firmly
resolved” that I would enter the time machine within the next
couple of days, go back to this very room a few minutes before we came
in just now, take the queen of hearts from this deck (you can see now
that it is missing from it), insert it in the book you named on page
100, and put the book back in place. So now you see it, because it
was put there a few minutes ago. No mystery: the card was always
there. And it doesn't make sense to ask whether the card was there
because you named it or whether you named it because it was there: the
fact is, both are true, so either fact implies the other. But in your
ignorance of what card was in the book, you thought yourself free to
choose any one whatsoever; of course it doesn't make sense to ask
“what if” now.
—But “what if” I had opened the book before I
chose the card? Or what if you decided, now, that you wouldn't go
back…
—Ah, the famous “grandmother paradox”! What
happens if little red riding hood tries to go back in time to kill her
own grandmother before her mother was born? Well, we know this does
not happen, because her grandmother was evidently alive when her
mother was born. The reasons can be numerous: maybe she dies
eaten by the wolf when trying to reach her grandmother's house to give
her the poisoned cake and wine, maybe it turns out that she kills not
her grandmother but the wolf who had taken the grandmother's place, or
maybe she simply does not feel like going back in time and trying to
kill an innocent woman, especially one who happens to be her very own
grandmother! You see, it's a bit pointless to ask whether it
can happen: it simply does not. History fits
together, like a jigsaw puzzle, so there must be a way to make it fit,
even if there is time travel comes in the picture. If I resolved to
return to the past to insert the ace of clubs in War and
Peace after we checked that it isn't there now maybe it would
turn out that someone entered the room in the mean time and wanted to
read War and Peace and put the card back in its place, or
maybe there are two copies of War and Peace in my library
and I forgot about it, or maybe I have a heart attack just before I
try to go back to the past and the queen of hearts is a
“coincidence”. Or something. But the possibility of the
heart attack is sufficient to deter me from even trying to do
something which would blatantly conflict with what we know: and
basically this is the reason why I won't!
—So the past cannot be changed!
—How can you ask that? Didn't you “change” it
yourself, by choosing the card which was inserted in the
book? Let me show you another trick. Take this envelope. Now choose
a word, or any phrase you will, and write it on paper. Now open the
envelope. What does it say inside?
—It's the phrase I had chosen: “time travel”.
—You are so predictable, how can I ever impress you?
Anyway, I had resolved that I would put in the envelope a paper with
the same phrase you had written down and place it in the drawer by
going back in time. But actually I had resolved a bit more than that.
Observe the handwriting carefully: it is not mine, nor is it yours. I
resolved that I would have the paper written with such a beautifully
baroque handwriting, but now that I have the paper, I do not need
to have it written, I will just put the very same piece of paper,
which you took out of the envelope, back in the same place: so nobody
has written it, the paper and the handwriting appeared out of
nowhere—they were crafted in a time loop. But it had
to be a pleasing baroque handwriting, because I had resolved that,
should they be anything else, I would have someone write it for me in
that style. So simply by wishing its existence, thanks to the time
machine, I have made the paper come into being.
—This is just too weird! Now will you show me the
machine?
—Is your mind swirling enough now? Because that's where it
gets even better: there is no time machine.
—I was all a hoax, then? I can't say I didn't expect
this…
—Not at all. The magic I showed you was very real. But we
don't need a time machine at all: it is merely sufficient for a time
machine to be possible. Consider the queen of hearts: I
don't really need to go back in time to place it there, do I? We've
seen it, so someone must have put it there, but it doesn't have to be
me: someone else might have entered the library and used the card as a
bookmark. The Universe exists, so there must be a way, as I said.
But the card had to be there because, as long as time travel is
possible (for me, that is!), my resolving that the
card would be there no matter what was sufficient to make it
be there: it had to be there because I was capable of making
it so. And the same holds for the paper: it didn't appear out of
nowhere, it must have been placed here by someone, but it had
to be because otherwise I would have gone back in time to make it
so!
—How could you, if you have no time machine?
—I do not have a time machine, but I could have one
if I wished one: if I need a time machine here and
now, I need merely resolve that, whenever and however I get
one, I will return here and now to give me one: it
doesn't need to be invented, it can be created in a time loop exactly
like I suggested the paper had been. But the best part of it all is,
of course, that I don't need a time machine, nor will I ever need one,
because should any part of time displease me, I would go there and
change it, so it cannot be so. So time is perfect. So I do not need
the machine. So the machine does not exist for the very reason that
it might exist.